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Alphabet & Pronunciation

CEFR A1 · Lesson 1 of 11

Spanish spelling is refreshingly consistent — once you learn how each letter sounds, you can read almost any word out loud correctly.

Spanish spelling is refreshingly consistent: once you learn how each letter sounds, you can read almost any word out loud correctly — even ones you've never seen. The alphabet has 27 letters, one more than English: ñ.

The five vowels — always the same sound
LetterSounds likeExample
a"ah" as in fathercasa
e"eh" as in bedmesa
i"ee" as in seelibro
o"oh" as in goojo
u"oo" as in fooduno

Unlike English, Spanish vowels never change sound depending on the word — that's what makes pronunciation so predictable once you know them.

Letters that trip up beginners
Letter(s)Sounds likeExample
hsilent — never pronouncedhola → "OH-la"
ñ"ny" as in canyonaño → "AH-nyo"
ll"y" as in yescalle → "CA-ye"
ja strong "h" soundjamón → "ha-MOHN"
c (+ e/i)"s" soundcielo → "SYE-lo"
c (+ a/o/u)"k" soundcasa → "KA-sa"
g (+ e/i)a strong "h" soundgente → "HEN-te"
rrrolled / trilled rperro → "PE-rro"

Word stress (acentuación)

Every Spanish word has one stressed syllable. Three simple rules tell you which one, without needing to guess:

  • Words ending in a vowel, n, or s → stress falls on the second-to-last syllable. ha-blo, ca-sas, ha-blan
  • Words ending in any other consonant → stress falls on the last syllable. ha-blar, ciu-dad, re-loj
  • A written accent mark (´) always overrides the rules above and shows exactly where the stress goes. ca-fé, rá-pi-do, a-quí
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Quick trick: if you see an accent mark, just stress that syllable — no need to think about the rules at all. The rules only matter for words without a written accent.

Practice

Check your understanding

1.Choose the correct fact: the letter H in Spanish…

2.Which letter makes the "ny" sound, as in "año"?

3.True or false: in "cielo", the C sounds like a "k".

4."Hablan" has no written accent and ends in -n. Where does the stress fall?

5.Which letters together sound like the "y" in "yes"?

6.True or false: G before e or i sounds like a strong "h".

7."Café" has a written accent, so the stress falls on the ___ syllable.

8.True or false: "j" sounds like the English "j" in "jump".

Ready to practice this out loud?

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