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Pretérito Perfecto

CEFR B1 · Lesson 2 of 9

The past that still touches the present — what you have done today, this week, this year, and in your whole life so far.

The core idea

The pretérito perfecto is built with the present tense of haber plus a participle. It describes actions inside a time frame that is still open — today, this week, this year, or your life up to now.

haber (present) + participle
Subjecthaberexample
yohehe hablado
túhashas comido
él / ella / ustedhaha vivido
nosotroshemoshemos hablado
vosotroshabéishabéis comido
ellos / ellas / ustedeshanhan vivido
Forming the participle
EndingRuleExample
-ar→ -adohablar → hablado
-er→ -idocomer → comido
-ir→ -idovivir → vivido

The irregular participles worth memorising

Irregular participles
VerbParticipleVerbParticiple
hacerhechovervisto
decirdichoescribirescrito
ponerpuestovolvervuelto
abrirabiertoromperroto
morirmuertoresolverresuelto

The time markers that trigger it

hoy · esta mañana · esta semana · este mes · este año · ya · todavía no · nunca · siempre · alguna vez · últimamente — all of them keep the time frame open, which is exactly when this tense belongs.

Hoy he trabajado mucho.I've worked a lot today. — today isn't over
¿Alguna vez has estado en México?Have you ever been to Mexico? — life experience
Todavía no hemos comido.We haven't eaten yet.
Este año he leído diez libros.This year I've read ten books.
Ana ya ha escrito el informe.Ana has already written the report.
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The clean dividing line: if the time frame is closed (ayer, anoche, el año pasado), use the indefinido. If it's still open (hoy, esta semana, este año), use the pretérito perfecto. Compare: Ayer comí paella vs. Hoy he comido paella.

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Regional reality check: in Spain this tense is everywhere. In most of Latin America — including Mexico — speakers often use the indefinido where a Spaniard would use the perfecto: ¿Ya comiste? rather than ¿Ya has comido? Both are correct; just know which one you're hearing.

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Never split haber from the participle. Pronouns go before haber, not between: Lo he visto ✓, not He lo visto ✗. And the participle never changes for gender or number here: Ella ha llegado, not ha llegada.

Practice

Check your understanding

1.Hoy ___ (trabajar, yo) mucho.

2.¿Alguna vez ___ (estar, tú) en México?

3.What is the participle of "hacer"?

4.Todavía no ___ (comer, nosotros).

5.What is the participle of "escribir"?

6.Choose the correct sentence:

7.Este año ___ (leer, yo) diez libros.

8.Ana ya ___ (escribir) el informe.

9.Which sentence is correct?

10.True or false: the participle changes for gender, so you say "ella ha llegada."

11.Esta semana ___ (ver, ellos) tres películas.

12.¿___ (volver, vosotros) ya de las vacaciones?

Ready to practice this out loud?

Book a class with Ángel and talk about what you've done this week — the perfect excuse to drill this tense.

Book on Preply