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Precisión Gramatical

CEFR C2 · Lesson 9 of 9

At this level you can out-write many natives. These are the mistakes they make — and the rules that decide who's right.

Dequeísmo: adding DE where it doesn't belong

Inserting de before que after a verb that doesn't take it. Extremely widespread in speech, and consistently marked wrong in writing.

✗ Dequeísmo
WrongRight
Pienso de que es tarde.Pienso que es tarde.
Me dijo de que vendría.Me dijo que vendría.
Resulta de que no vino.Resulta que no vino.
Creo de que tienes razón.Creo que tienes razón.

Queísmo: dropping DE where it's required

The opposite error — removing a de that the verb genuinely requires.

✗ Queísmo
WrongRight
Me acuerdo que vino.Me acuerdo de que vino.
Estoy seguro que sí.Estoy seguro de que sí.
Me alegro que estés bien.Me alegro de que estés bien.
Se dio cuenta que era tarde.Se dio cuenta de que era tarde.
💡

The substitution test — it never fails. Replace the clause with esto. If you'd say pienso esto, there's no de: pienso que. If you'd say me acuerdo de esto, keep it: me acuerdo de que. Ten seconds, zero exceptions.

Leísmo, laísmo, loísmo

Confusing direct and indirect object pronouns. One variant is accepted; the others never are.

Status of each
PhenomenonExampleAccepted?
leísmo de persona (masc.)A Juan le vi ayer.yes, accepted
leísmo de cosaEl libro le leí.no
laísmoA María la dije la verdad.no
loísmoA Juan lo di el libro.no

The standard system: lo / la for direct objects, le / les for indirect. Only using le for a masculine person as a direct object is tolerated by the Real Academia.

Agreement traps

What agrees with what
TrapCorrect form
la mayoría de los estudiantes…singular verb preferred: la mayoría piensa
el agua, el águilafeminine nouns with el: el agua fría
cualquiera → cualquiershortens before a noun: cualquier día
"Hubo" never pluralisesHubo muchos problemas, not hubieron
mil → invariabledos mil personas, not dos miles
⚠️

Haber is impersonal and never agrees. Hubieron muchos problemas ✗ — it's hubo muchos problemas, however many there were. Millions of native speakers get this wrong; in writing it's still an error.

The accents that carry meaning

Tilde diacrítica
Without accentWith accent
el (the)él (he)
tu (your)tú (you)
mi (my)mí (me)
si (if)sí (yes / himself)
se (pronoun)sé (I know / be)
de (of)dé (give — subjunctive)
te (you)té (tea)
mas (but)más (more)
aun (even)aún (still)
🔎

Sólo and éste no longer take accents. Since 2010 the Real Academia recommends writing solo and este without them, even as adverb and pronoun. Older texts accent them, and plenty of educated writers still do — but the current standard doesn't.

Practice

Check your understanding

1.Which is correct?

2.Me acuerdo ___ que vino muy tarde.

3.Estoy seguro ___ que vendrá.

4.The test for de + que is to replace the clause with:

5.Which form is ACCEPTED by the Real Academia?

6.Which is correct?

7.Se dio cuenta ___ que era demasiado tarde.

8.In "No sé la respuesta", the word sé is:

9.Según la norma actual, "solo" como adverbio:

10.Me alegro ___ que todo saliera bien.

11.Puedes venir ___ día que quieras.

12.Which is correct?

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