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La Voz Pasiva

CEFR B2 · Lesson 6 of 9

Spanish has a true passive — and then mostly avoids it. Here's how to build it, and when a native speaker would actually choose something else.

The true passive: ser + participio

The structure is ser (in any tense) + participle, and the key detail is that the participle agrees in gender and number with the subject — unlike the perfect tenses, where it never changes.

Agreement
ActivePassive
El arquitecto diseñó la casa.La casa fue diseñada por el arquitecto.
Cervantes escribió el Quijote.El Quijote fue escrito por Cervantes.
Publicaron los resultados.Los resultados fueron publicados.
Construyeron las casas en 1950.Las casas fueron construidas en 1950.

The person doing the action — the agent — is introduced with por, and can simply be left out when it's unknown or unimportant.

Why Spanish avoids it

This is the part textbooks underplay: the ser passive is far less common in Spanish than in English. It belongs to writing — news, academic prose, formal reports. In speech, Spanish reaches for one of two alternatives.

Three ways to say the same thing
StructureExampleRegister
Pasiva con serLas casas fueron vendidas.formal, written
Pasiva reflejaSe vendieron las casas.neutral, very common
Impersonal 3rd pluralVendieron las casas.spoken, casual
💡

If you translate English passives literally, you'll sound foreign. "The houses were sold" is almost always se vendieron las casas in natural Spanish. Save fueron vendidas for formal writing — you met the pasiva refleja back in B1, and it's still the default.

ESTAR + participio: the result, not the action

Swapping ser for estar changes the meaning entirely: you stop describing the action and start describing the state it left behind.

Action vs. result
ser — the actionestar — the result
La puerta fue cerrada por Juan.La puerta está cerrada.
El problema fue resuelto ayer.El problema ya está resuelto.
Las cartas fueron escritas en mayo.Las cartas ya están escritas.
🔎

Not every verb passivises. The ser passive needs a direct object to promote, so intransitive verbs are out. And some perfectly transitive verbs just sound wrong in the passive — tener, haber among them. When in doubt, the pasiva refleja almost always works.

El Quijote fue escrito por Cervantes.Don Quixote was written by Cervantes.
Los resultados serán publicados mañana.The results will be published tomorrow.
La ventana está rota.The window is broken. — the state
Se publicaron los resultados.The results were published. — the natural everyday version
Practice

Check your understanding

1.La casa ___ (ser) diseñada por un arquitecto famoso.

2.El Quijote fue ___ (escribir) por Cervantes.

3.Las casas fueron ___ (construir) en 1950.

4.In the passive voice, the agent is introduced with:

5.Which sentence sounds most natural in everyday spoken Spanish?

6.La puerta ___ (estar) cerrada desde ayer.

7.Which describes a RESULT rather than an action?

8.True or false: in the passive, the participle agrees in gender and number.

9.Los resultados ___ (ser) publicados mañana.

10.Turn "Publicaron los resultados" into a pasiva refleja:

11.Las cartas ya ___ (estar) escritas.

12.La novela fue ___ (traducir) a diez idiomas.

Ready to practice this out loud?

Book a class with Ángel and work on written register — the passive is where formal Spanish separates from spoken Spanish.

Book on Preply